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But we’ve been hearing a lot of companies announcing lofty electrification plans like these, so what makes VW different? Well, they’ve at least got hardware to back up the talk. Here’s a look at what might be the platform that actually brings electric cars to the masses.

How long it will take for VW to transition to these cells is unclear. Also, as shown in the plot, solid state batteries are still on the horizon. VW did mention its partnership with California-based tech company Quantumscape, and said a solid-state battery trial project is scheduled between 2023 and 2025.

Another potential difference between the pilot and demonstration unit could be the materials of construction. For the pilot plant, it may be expeditious or only a small added cost to use a high-alloy material for the reactor and its associated tubing. In the end, however, researchers need to ensure that metallurgy will not influence the chemistry by catalyzing coking or other undesirable reactions. Materials selection for the demonstration and commercial plant should be based on known reaction and corrosion-rate data available from literature or data generated in the laboratory. Where possible, critical pilot-plant systems are made of the same materials of construction as those projected for commercial scale. For example, the pilot-scale reactor itself acts as the “corrosion coupon” since it was exposed to the fluids, temperatures and pressures of the actual reaction system. Metallographic analysis of the reactor after removal from service provides data crucial to the selection of materials of construction going forward.

Pilot-plant size and complexity also have a direct bearing on the ability to automate the pilot plant for unattended operation. Staffing a pilot plant 24/7 is usually prohibitively expensive. Most catalyst systems require extensive parametric and life testing, which can require months, if not years, of run time. Automation is essential to bring the cost of operation to a reasonable level, allowing for the most part staffing a day shift only. Experience has shown that the payback for automating a typical pilot plant is less than a year of operation. Automation also improves data quality because measurements are taken at regular, defined intervals so that trends previously difficult to see become evident. In the past, an operator with a clipboard taking hourly readings and then graphing the results was effective, but the tools available through automation are quite valuable, given the close operating margins of today’s markets.

Finding equipment capable of efficiently handling flows in the grams-per-hour range is certainly possible, but the number of options can be limited. While off-the-shelf equipment items are certainly available, much of the equipment used at the pilot scale is custom-fabricated and tailored to each unique application.

VOESTALPINE AG/ADR's mailing address is voestalpine-Stra¿e 1, Linz C4, 4020. The company can be reached via phone at 43 5030415 or via email at [email protected]

26 – General Motors announced it would close five facilities in North America, including its production plant in Oshawa, Ont., as part of a global reorganization that would see the company focus on electric and autonomous vehicle programs. The automaker said the plan would save the company US$6 billion by 2020. The closure in Oshawa, planned for the end of 2019, would affect approximately 2,500 jobs.

14 – Quebec MP Maxime Bernier announced his new political party would be called the People’s Party of Canada. Bernier said the name fit a party that would represent people who are tired of Canadian politics being hijacked by special interest groups, cartels and lobbyists.

Frequently, the main emphasis of a pilot program is to validate the chemistry fundamentals and catalyst performance that are usually not available in literature or predictable via calculation. Understanding reaction kinetics and byproduct formation mechanisms help determine which reactor type is best suited for a given chemistry. Establishing the approach to theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium governs the maximum attainable conversion. While heats of reaction fix the energetics of the reaction system, they also greatly influence reactor type and design.

In addition, VW dealerships will become EV charging locations. “Our dealer will become a publicly available charging network,” VW’s head of e-mobility services Martin Römheld told journalists, going on to say that all 4,000 VW brand dealership and service centers in Europe must have two 11kW AC chargers and one 20kW DC charger by the time the ID “Neo” launches in 2020, and that every new dealer from here on must have those chargers as part of their plans. This is similar to what Nissan did for Leaf owners, with varying degrees of success.

0.3% of Absolute Software shares are owned by institutional investors. Strong institutional ownership is an indication that large money managers, hedge funds and endowments believe a stock is poised for long-term growth.

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